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They adapt to higher elevations by extending their wing stroke amplitude. The second location is in the clover field, in the small hallway between the blue HQ and the platform that the wealth clock stands on. Archived from on 17 October 2015.

When it enters a flower, the bumblebee's body hairs receive a dusting of pollen from the anthers. If they eat bees at all, they manipulate them to eat the thorax alone, for its wing muscles. Reproduction and nesting Further information: and Nest size depends on species of bumblebee.



For other uses, see. A bumblebee or bumble bee, bumble-bee or humble-bee is any of over 250 species in the Bombus, part of , one of the families. This genus is the only group in the tribe , though a few extinct related genera e. They are found primarily in higher altitudes or latitudes in the , although they are also found in where a few lowland tropical species have been identified. European bumblebees have also been introduced to and. Female bumblebees can sting repeatedly, but generally ignore humans and other animals. Bumblebee Buff-tailed bumblebee Kingdom: Phylum: Class: Order: Family: Tribe: Genus: Bombus , 1802 Natural distribution shown in red. Introductions to New Zealand, spread to Tasmania not shown Most bumblebees are that form with a single queen. The colonies are smaller than those of , growing to as few as 50 individuals in a nest. Cuckoo bumblebees were previously classified as a separate genus, but are now usually treated as members of Bombus. Bumblebees have round bodies covered in soft hair long branched called pile, making them appear and feel fuzzy. They have , often consisting of contrasting bands of colour, and different species of bumblebee in a region often resemble each other in mutually protective. Harmless insects such as often derive protection from resembling bumblebees, in , and may be confused with them. Nest-making bumblebees can be distinguished from similarly large, fuzzy cuckoo bees by the form of the female hind leg. In nesting bumblebees, it is modified to form a , a bare shiny area surrounded by a fringe of hairs used to transport , whereas in cuckoo bees, the hind leg is hairy all round, and pollen grains are wedged among the hairs for transport. Like their relatives the honeybees, bumblebees feed on , using their long hairy tongues to lap up the liquid; the is folded under the head during flight. Bumblebees gather nectar to add to the stores in the nest, and pollen to feed their young. They forage using colour and spatial relationships to identify flowers to feed from. Some bumblebees , making a hole near the base of a flower to access the nectar while avoiding pollen transfer. Bumblebees are important agricultural , so in Europe, North America, and Asia is a cause for concern. The decline has been caused by , the of , and. The name Bombus, assigned by in 1802, is derived from the Latin word for a buzzing or humming sound. From experiments which I have tried, I have found that the visits of bees, if not indispensable, are at least highly beneficial to the fertilisation of our clovers; but humble-bees alone visit the common red clover , as other bees cannot reach the nectar. The bumblebee tribe is one of four groups of corbiculate bees those with pollen baskets in the , the others being the Apini honeybees , Euglossini , and stingless bees. The corbiculate bees are a group. Advanced appears to have evolved twice in the group, giving rise to controversy, now largely settled, as to the origins of the four tribes; it had been supposed that eusocial behaviour had evolved only once, requiring the Apini to be close to the Meliponini, which they do not resemble. It is now thought that the Apini with advanced societies and Euglossini are closely related, while the primitively eusocial Bombini are close to the Meliponini, which have somewhat more advanced eusocial behaviour. The fossil record for bees is incomplete. Around 11 specimens that might possibly be Bombini, some poorly documented, had been described by 2011; some such as from , USA, and from , Turkey dated from the. In 2012 a fossil bumblebee, was described from the Randeck Maar in southwestern Germany and confidently placed in the subgenus Bombus. In 2014, another species, , was described from Late Miocene beds of La Cerdanya, Spain, but not placed into any subgenus, while a new genus and species, was described from the late Bembridge Marls of the. The species was described in October 2017 and placed in Bombus subgenus Cullumanobombus. Further information: The genus Bombus, the only one extant genus in the tribe Bombini, comprises over 250 species; for an overview of the differences between bumblebees and other bees and wasps, see. The genus has been divided variously into up to 49 subgenera, a degree of complexity criticised by Williams 2008. The cuckoo bumblebees Psithyrus have sometimes been treated as a separate genus but are now considered to be part of Bombus, in one or more subgenera. Examples of Bombus species include , , , , , and. Bombus genus , 12 species , 3 species , 1 species , 3 species , 10 species , 22 species , 50 species , 30 species , 50 species , 5 species , 5 species , 7 species , 17 species , 7 species , 23 species Subgenera of the genus Bombus Further information: Bumblebees vary in appearance, but are generally plump and densely furry. They are larger, broader and stouter-bodied than honeybees, and their abdomen tip is more rounded. Many species have broad bands of colour, the patterns helping to distinguish different species. Whereas honeybees have short tongues and therefore mainly pollinate open flowers, some bumblebee species have long tongues and collect nectar from flowers that are closed into a tube. Bumblebees have fewer stripes or none , and usually have part of the body covered in black fur, while honeybees have many stripes including several grey stripes on the abdomen. Sizes are very variable even within species; the largest British species, B. The largest bumblebee species in the world is of Chile, up to about 40 mm 1. Bumblebees are typically found in , and are often found at higher and than other bees, although a few lowland species exist. A few species and range into very cold climates where other bees might not be found; B. This is the most northernmost occurrence of any eusocial insect. Other bees have similar , but the mechanisms seem best developed and have been most studied in bumblebees. They adapt to higher elevations by extending their wing stroke amplitude. Bumblebees have a largely but are absent from Australia apart from Tasmania where they have been introduced and are found in Africa only north of the Sahara. A common carder bumblebee extending its tongue towards a Feeding The bumblebee tongue the is a long, hairy structure that extends from a sheath-like modified maxilla. The primary action of the tongue is lapping, that is, repeated dipping of the tongue into liquid. The tip of the tongue probably acts as a suction cup and during lapping, nectar may be drawn up the proboscis by. When at rest or flying, the proboscis is kept folded under the head. The longer the tongue, the deeper the bumblebee can probe into a flower and bees probably learn by experience which flower source is best-suited to their tongue length. Bees with shorter proboscides, like , have a more difficult time foraging nectar relative to other bumblebees with longer proboscides; to overcome this disadvantage, B. Wax production The exoskeleton of the is divided into plates called dorsal and ventral. Wax is secreted from on the abdomen and extruded between the sternites where it resembles flakes of. It is secreted by the queen when she starts a nest and by young workers. It is scraped from the abdomen by the legs, moulded until malleable and used in the construction of honeypots, to cover the eggs, to line empty cocoons for use as storage containers and sometimes to cover the exterior of the nest. Coloration Further information: and The brightly coloured pile of the bumblebee is an warning signal, given that females can inflict a painful sting. Depending on the species and , the warning colours range from entirely black, to bright yellow, red, orange, white, and pink. Many species of Bombus, including the group sometimes called Psithyrus cuckoo bumblebees , have evolved , where the different bumblebees in a region resemble each other, so that a young predator need only learn to avoid any of them once. For example, in California a group of bumblebees consists of largely black species including , , , , and. Other bees in California include a group of species all banded black and yellow. In each case, Müllerian mimicry provides the bees in the group with a selective advantage. In addition, parasitic cuckoo bumblebees resemble their hosts more closely than would be expected by chance, at least in areas like Europe where parasite-host co-speciation is common; but this too may be explained as Müllerian mimicry, rather than requiring the parasite's coloration to deceive the host. Temperature control Bumblebees are active in conditions when honeybees stay at home, and can readily absorb heat from even weak sunshine. The thick pile created by long bristles acts as insulation to keep bumblebees warm in cold weather; species from cold climates have longer setae and thus thicker insulation than those from the tropics. The temperature of the flight muscles, which occupy much of the thorax, needs to be at least 30 °C 86 °F before flight can take place. The muscle temperature can be raised by shivering. It takes about five minutes for the muscles to reach this temperature at an air temperature of 13 °C 55 °F. Chill-coma temperature The chill-coma temperature in relation to flying insects is the temperature at which flight muscles cannot be activated. Compared to honey bees and carpenter bees, bumblebees have the lowest chill-coma temperature. Of the bumblebees has the lowest at 7 °C 45 °F. However, bumblebees have been seen to fly in colder ambient temperatures. This discrepancy is likely because the chill-coma temperature was determined by tests done in a laboratory setting. However, bumblebees live in insulated shelters and can shiver to warm up before venturing into the cold. Communication and social learning Bumblebees do not have ears, and it is not known whether or how well they can hear. However, they are sensitive to the vibrations made by sound travelling through wood or other materials. Instead, when they return from a successful foraging expedition, they run excitedly around in the nest for several minutes before going out to forage once more. These bees may be offering some form of communication based on the buzzing sounds made by their wings, which may stimulate other bees to start foraging. Another stimulant to foraging activity is the level of food reserves in the colony. Bees monitor the amount of honey in the honeypots, and when little is left or when high quality food is added, they are more likely to go out to forage. Bumblebees have been observed to partake in. In a 2017 study involving , bees were taught to complete an unnatural task of moving large objects to obtain a reward. Bees that first observed another bee complete the task were significantly more successful in learning the task than bees that observed the same action performed by a magnet, indicating the importance of social information. The bees did not copy each other exactly: in fact, the study suggested that the bees were instead attempting to. Reproduction and nesting Further information: and Nest size depends on species of bumblebee. Most form of between 50 and 400 individuals, but colonies have been documented as small as ~20 individuals and as large as 1700. These nests are small compared to honeybee hives, which hold about 50,000 bees. Many species nest underground, choosing old burrows or sheltered places, and avoiding places that receive direct sunlight that could result in overheating. Other species make nests above ground, whether in thick grass or in holes in trees. A bumblebee nest is not organised into hexagonal combs like that of a honeybee; the cells are instead clustered together untidily. The workers remove dead bees or larvae from the nest and deposit them outside the nest entrance, helping to prevent disease. Nests in temperate regions last only for a single season and do not survive the winter. In the early spring, the queen comes out of and finds a suitable place to create her colony. Then she builds wax cells in which to lay her eggs which were fertilised the previous year. The eggs that hatch develop into female workers, and in time, the queen populates the colony, with workers feeding the young and performing other duties similar to honeybee workers. In , young queens leave the nest in the autumn and , often more than once, with males that are forcibly driven out of the colony. The drones and workers die as the weather turns colder; the young queens feed intensively to build up stores of fat for the winter. They survive in a resting state diapause , generally below ground, until the weather warms up in the spring with the being the species that is among the first to emerge. Many species of bumblebee follow this general trend within the year. For this species the cycle begins in February, reproduction starts in July or August, and ends in the winter months. The queen remains in hibernation until spring of the following year in order to optimize conditions to search for a nest. Bumblebee life-cycle showing adults and in nest of B. Engraved in 1840 by after drawing probably by. In fertilised queens, the ovaries only become active when the queen starts to lay. An egg passes along the to the vagina where there is a chamber called the , in which the sperm from the mating is stored. Depending on need, she may allow her egg to be fertilised. Unfertilised eggs become males; fertilised eggs grow into females and queens. The that stimulate the development of the ovaries are suppressed in female worker bees, while the queen remains dominant. To develop, the must be fed both nectar for and pollen for. Bumblebees feed nectar to the larvae by chewing a small hole in the brood cell into which they regurgitate nectar. Larvae are fed pollen in one of two ways, depending on the bumblebee species. Pocket-making bumblebees create pockets of pollen at the base of the brood-cell clump from which the larvae feed themselves. Pollen-storing bumblebees keep pollen in separate wax pots and feed it to the larvae. An above-ground nest, hidden in grass and moss, of the common carder bee,. The wax canopy or involucrum has been removed to show winged and in irregularly placed wax cells. After the emergence of the first or second group of offspring, workers take over the task of foraging and the queen spends most of her time laying eggs and caring for larvae. The colony grows progressively larger and eventually begins to produce males and new queens. Bumblebee workers can lay unfertilised haploid eggs with only a single set of that develop into viable male bumblebees. Only fertilised queens can lay diploid eggs one set of chromosomes from a drone, one from the queen that mature into workers and new queens. In a young colony, the queen minimises reproductive competition from workers by suppressing their egg-laying through physical aggression and. Thus, the queen is usually the mother of all of the first males laid. Workers eventually begin to lay male eggs later in the season when the queen's ability to suppress their reproduction diminishes. Although a large majority of bumblebees follow such monogynous colony cycles that only involve one queen, some select Bombus species such as will spend part of their life cycle in a polygynous phase have multiple queens in one nest during these periods of polygyny. Foraging behaviour A bumblebee loaded with in its Bumblebees generally visit flowers that exhibit the bee and these patches of flowers may be up to 1—2 km from their colony. They tend to visit the same patches of flowers every day, as long as they continue to find nectar and pollen there, a habit known as pollinator or. Bumblebees use a combination of colour and spatial relationships to learn which flowers to forage from. They can also both the presence and the pattern of electric fields on flowers, which occur due to , and take a while to leak away into the ground. They use this information to find out if a flower has been recently visited by another bee. Bumblebees can detect the temperature of flowers, as well as which parts of the flower are hotter or cooler and use this information to recognise flowers. Incidental removal occurs when bumblebees come in contact with the of a flower while collecting nectar. When it enters a flower, the bumblebee's body hairs receive a dusting of pollen from the anthers. In queens and workers this is then groomed into the pollen baskets on the hind legs where it can be seen as bulging masses that may contain as many as a million pollen grains. Male bumblebees do not have corbiculae and do not purposively collect pollen. Bumblebees are also capable of , in which they dislodge pollen from the anthers by creating a with their flight muscles. In at least some species, once a bumblebee has visited a flower, it leaves a scent mark on it. This scent mark deters bumblebees from visiting that flower until the scent degrades. This scent mark is a general chemical bouquet that bumblebees leave behind in different locations e. Bumblebees rely on this chemical bouquet more when the flower has a high handling time, that is, where it takes a longer time for the bee to find the nectar once inside the flower. Once they have collected nectar and pollen, female workers return to the nest and deposit the harvest into brood cells, or into cells for storage. Unlike honeybees, bumblebees only store a few days' worth of food, so are much more vulnerable to food shortages. Male bumblebees collect only nectar and do so to feed themselves. They may visit quite different flowers from the workers because of their different nutritional needs. Asynchronous flight muscles Bees beat their wings about 200 times a second. Their thorax muscles do not contract on each nerve firing, but rather vibrate like a plucked rubber band. This is efficient, since it lets the system consisting of muscle and wing operate at its resonant frequency, leading to low energy consumption. Further, it is necessary, since insect motor nerves generally cannot fire 200 times per second. These types of muscles are called and are found in the systems in families such as Hymenoptera, Diptera, , and. Bumblebees must warm up their bodies considerably to get airborne at low ambient temperatures. Bumblebees can reach an internal thoracic temperature of 30 °C 86 °F using this method. Cuckoo bumblebees Main article: Bumblebees of the subgenus known as 'cuckoo bumblebees', and formerly considered a separate genus are , sometimes called , in the colonies of other bumblebees, and have lost the ability to collect pollen. Before finding and invading a host colony, a Psithyrus female, such as that of the Psithyrus species of , feeds directly from flowers. Once she has infiltrated a host colony, the Psithyrus female kills or subdues the queen of that colony, and uses pheromones and physical attacks to force the workers of that colony to feed her and her young. Usually, cuckoo bumblebees can be described as queen-intolerant , since the host queen is often killed to enable the parasite to produce more offspring, though some species, such as , actually enjoy increased success when they leave the host queen alive. The female Psithyrus has a number of morphological adaptations for combat, such as larger mandibles, a tough cuticle and a larger venom sac that increase her chances of taking over a nest. Upon emerging from their cocoons, the Psithyrus males and females disperse and mate. The males do not survive the winter but, like nonparasitic bumblebee queens, Psithyrus females find suitable locations to spend the winter and enter diapause after mating. They usually emerge from later than their host species. Each species of cuckoo bee has a specific host species, which it may physically resemble. In the case of the parasitism of B. Sting Queen and worker bumblebees can. Unlike in honeybees, a bumblebee's sting lacks barbs, so the bee can sting repeatedly without injuring itself; by the same token, the sting is not left in the wound. Bumblebee species are not normally aggressive, but may sting in defence of their nest, or if harmed. Female cuckoo bumblebees aggressively attack host colony members, and sting the host queen, but ignore other animals unless disturbed. Bumblebee nest dug up and destroyed by a predator, probably a Bumblebees, despite their ability to sting, are eaten by certain predators. Nests may be dug up by and eaten whole, including any adults present. Adults are preyed upon by robber flies and in North America. In Europe, birds including and capture adult bumblebees on the wing; smaller birds such as also occasionally learn to take bumblebees, while catch them as they visit flowers. Bumblebee stored as food by a The is able to detect flying bumblebees up to 100 metres away; once captured, the sting is removed by repeatedly squeezing the insect with the mandibles and wiping the abdomen on a branch. The follows flying bees back to their nest, digs out the nest with its feet, and eats larvae, pupae and adults as it finds them. Bumblebees are parasitised by tracheal mites, ; including and ; and including and. The tree bumblebee has spread into the despite hosting high levels of a that normally interferes with queen bees' attempts to establish colonies. Female Bee Moths prefer to lay their eggs in bumblebee nests. Further information: Bumblebees are important of both and. Because bumblebees do not overwinter the entire colony, they do not stockpile honey, and therefore are not useful as honey producers. Bumblebees are increasingly cultured for agricultural use as pollinators, among other reasons because they can pollinate plants such as in by buzz pollination whereas other pollinators cannot. Commercial production began in 1987, when Roland De Jonghe founded the Biobest company; in 1988 they produced enough nests to pollinate 40 hectares of. The industry grew quickly, starting with other companies in the Netherlands. Bumblebee nests, mainly of buff-tailed bumblebees, are produced in at least 30 factories around the world; over a million nests are grown annually in Europe; Turkey is a major producer. When was introduced as a crop to in the nineteenth century, it was found to have no local pollinators, and clover seed had accordingly to be imported each year. Four species of bumblebee from the United Kingdom were therefore imported as pollinators. In 1885 and 1886 the Canterbury Acclimatization Society brought in 442 queens, of which 93 survived and quickly multiplied. As planned, red clover was soon being produced from locally-grown seed. Bumblebees are also reared commercially to pollinate tomatoes grown in. The New Zealand population of naturally colonised , 1,500 miles away, in 1992. Some concerns exist about the impact of the international trade in mass-produced bumblebee colonies. Evidence from Japan and South America indicates bumblebees can escape and naturalise in new environments, causing damage to native pollinators. Greater use of native pollinators, such as in China and Japan, has occurred as a result. In addition, mounting evidence indicates mass-produced bumblebees may also carry diseases, harmful to wild bumblebees and honeybees. In Canada and Sweden it has been shown that growing a mosaic of different crops encourages bumblebees and provides higher yields than does a monoculture of oilseed rape, despite the fact that the bees were attracted to the crop. Population decline Bumblebee species are declining in Europe, North America, and Asia due to a number of factors, including land-use change that reduces their food plants. In North America, pathogens are possibly having a stronger negative effect especially for the subgenus Bombus. A major impact on bumblebees was caused by the mechanisation of agriculture, accelerated by the urgent need to increase food production during the Second World War. Small farms depended on horses to pull implements and carts. The horses were fed on clover and hay, both of which were permanently grown on a typical farm. Little artificial fertiliser was used. Farms thus provided flowering clover and flower-rich meadows, favouring bumblebees. Mechanisation removed the need for horses and most of the clover; artificial fertilisers encouraged the growth of taller grasses, outcompeting the meadow flowers. Most of the flowers, and the bumblebees that fed on them, disappeared from Britain by the early 1980s. The last native British short-haired bumblebee was captured near in 1988. This significant increase in pesticide and fertilizer use associated with the industrialization of agriculture has had adverse effects on the genus Bombus. The bees are directly exposed to the chemicals in two ways: by consuming nectar that has been directly treated with pesticide, or through physical contact with treated plants and flowers. The species in particular has been found to be impacted by the pesticides; their brood development has been reduced and their memory has been negatively affected. Additionally, pesticide use negatively impacts colony development and size. Bumblebees are in danger in many developed countries due to and collateral damage. The ruled that three pesticides , , and presented. While most work on neonicotinoid toxicity has looked at honeybees, a study on B. However, in another study, following chronic exposure to field-realistic levels of the neonicotinoid pesticide thiamethoxam, colony weight gain was not affected, nor were the number or mass of sexuals produced. Low levels of neonicotinoids can reduce the number of bumblebees in a colony by as much as 55%, and cause dysfunction in the bumblebees' brains. Bee colonies that had been affected by the pesticide released more foragers and collected more pollen than bees who had not been dosed with neonicotinoid. Although the bees affected by the pesticide were able to collect more pollen, they took a longer amount of time doing so. Of 19 species of native nestmaking bumblebees and six species of cuckoo bumblebees formerly widespread in , three have been extirpated, eight are in , and only six remain widespread. Similar declines have been reported in , with four species designated , and another two considered to extinction. A decline in bumblebee numbers could cause large-scale changes to the countryside, resulting from inadequate pollination of certain plants. Some bumblebees native to North America are also vanishing, such as , , , and , and one, , may be extinct. In South America, Bombus bellicosus was in the northern limit of its distribution range, probably due to intense land use and climate change effects. Conservation efforts Drone short-haired bumblebee,. The species was successfully reintroduced to England from Sweden. From 2011 the Trust, in partnership with , Hymettus and the , has reintroduced short-haired bumblebee queens from in southern Sweden to restored flower-rich meadows at Dungeness in Kent. The queens were checked for and disease. Agri-environment schemes spread across the neighbouring area of have been set up to provide over 800 hectares of additional flower-rich habitat for the bees. By the summer of 2013, workers of the species were found near the release zone, proving that nests had been established. The world's first bumblebee sanctuary was established at Vane Farm in the in Scotland in 2008. In 2011, London's led the establishment of an Bumblebee Specialist Group, chaired by Dr. Williams, to assess the threat status of bumblebee species worldwide using criteria. Bumblebee conservation is in its infancy in many parts of the world, but with the realization of the important part they play in pollination of crops, efforts are being made to manage farmland better. Enhancing the wild bee population can be done by the planting of wildflower strips, and in New Zealand, bee nesting boxes have achieved some success, perhaps because there are few burrowing mammals to provide potential nesting sites in that country. Misconception about flight Further information: According to 20th-century , the laws of prove the bumblebee should be incapable of , as it does not have the capacity in terms of wing size or beats per second to achieve flight with the degree of necessary. The origin of this claim has been difficult to pin down with any certainty. The following passage appears in the introduction to Le Vol des Insectes: Tout d'abord poussé par ce qui se fait en aviation, j'ai appliqué aux insectes les lois de la résistance de l'air, et je suis arrivé avec M. Sainte-Laguë à cette conclusion que leur vol est impossible. This translates to: First prompted by what is done in aviation, I applied the laws of air resistance to insects, and I arrived, with Mr. Sainte-Laguë, at this conclusion that their flight is impossible. Magnan refers to his assistant. Some credit physicist 1875—1953 of the in Germany with popularizing the idea. Others say Swiss gas dynamicist 1898—1981 did the calculations. It has its tongue extended and a laden pollen basket. The calculations that purported to show that bumblebees cannot fly are based upon a simplified linear treatment of. The method assumes small amplitude oscillations without flow separation. This ignores the effect of an airflow separation inducing a large above the wing , which briefly produces several times the lift of the aerofoil in regular flight. More sophisticated aerodynamic analysis shows the bumblebee can fly because its wings encounter dynamic stall in every. Additionally, , a noted biologist with a strong background in aeronautics, has pointed out that bumblebees would not be expected to sustain flight, as they would need to generate too much power given their tiny wing area. However, in aerodynamics experiments with other insects, he found that at the scale of small insects meant even their small wings can move a very large volume of air relative to their size, and this reduces the power required to sustain flight by an order of magnitude. In music and literature The Russian composer wrote the , c. It represents the turning of Prince Guidon into a bumblebee so he can fly away to visit his father, Tsar Saltan, in the opera , although the music may reflect the flight of a rather than a bumblebee. The music inspired to feature a bumblebee in his 1940 animated musical and have it sound as if it were flying in all parts of the theater. This was one of nine books under the issued by the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Bishop of London. How neat she spreads the wax! The entomologist wrote Bumblebees and Their Ways in 1934. His daughter, the poet , wrote a group of poems about bees late in 1962, within four months of her suicide, transforming her father's interest into her poetry. Bumblebees appear as characters, often eponymously, in children's books. The surname in the series 1997—2007 is an old name for bumblebee. Among the many books for younger children are Bumble the Bee by Yvon Douran and Tony Neal 2014 ; Bertie Bumble Bee by K. Al-Ghani 2012 ; Ben the Bumble Bee: How do bees make honey? Went Bumble-bee by Colin West 1997 ; Bumble Bee by Margaret Wise Brown 2000 ; How the Bumble Came to Bee by Paul and Ella Quarry 2012 ; The Adventures of Professor Bumble and the Bumble Bees by Stephen Brailovsky 2010. His name denotes his black-on-yellow vehicle paint job, directly referencing the bee genus because of its black and yellow stripes. Bumblebee is also the name of an automotive that wraps around the grill instead of down the centre of the vehicle; it can be found mainly on which happens to be the Transformers Autobot's most popular vehicle mode. DNA analysis was used to estimate how many colonies these individuals came from. Shorter Oxford English dictionary on historical principles. Transactions of the Philological Society 6 : 67. Retrieved 29 May 2011. Retrieved 29 May 2011. Retrieved 25 May 2012. Archived from on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 25 May 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2011. Murat; Michez, Denis; Engel, Michael S. Retrieved 20 February 2015. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum Entomology. Retrieved 30 May 2012. Retrieved 23 February 2015. Retrieved 23 February 2015. Retrieved 23 February 2015. Retrieved 23 February 2015. Retrieved 9 July 2007. Retrieved 12 February 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2015. 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Bumble Bee's former CEO, Christopher Lischewski, was indicted in May 2018 for price fixing. Bumblebees use a combination of colour and spatial relationships to north which flowers to forage from. The company was renamed Bumble Bee Foods, LLC in 2005. It is scraped from the abdomen by the legs, moulded until malleable and used in the construction of honeypots, to cover the eggs, to line empty cocoons for use as storage containers and sometimes to cover the exterior of the nest. Retrieved August 15, 2015. About ten species are called.